Kweku (not his real name) is a middle-income earner who works as a teacher in one of the basic schools in Ghana. He usually goes out on Friday nights with a few friends at a regular spot, where they discuss life events over a few bottles of drinks. This outing is referred as “Sitting” by Kweku and his friends. At one of these sittings, the topic of investment was raised. One of Kweku’s friends, Kwame who usually sponsored the Friday nights’ siting explained that he knows an investment opportunity that yields high returns with very little risk. Kwame added that this investment yielded a return of 10% per month on every amount invested. According to Kwame, he Invested GHS 50, 000.00 in the investment opportunity and has been getting GHS 5,000.00 as interest every month. He further added that this investment has become his main source of income and needed not to work anymore. Kweku was intrigued, he had never heard of an investment opportunity that promised such high returns with such little risk.

Kweku later went for a loan of GHS 20,000.00 from a bank and invested the sum in the newfound investment scheme, and for the first few months, he received his promised returns. He was excited to see his money growing so quickly, and he started telling his friends and family about the investment opportunity.

But soon, things started to unravel. The promised returns stopped coming in. Kweku started to panic, and he tried to get his money back. But it was too late. The investment scheme had collapsed, and Kweku had lost all of his money.

Kweku was devastated, he had been lured into the Ponzi scheme by the promise of easy money, and now he had nothing to show for it. His relationship with his friend Kwame deteriorated after his ordeal. He learned a valuable lesson about the dangers of get-rich-quick schemes. In the end, Kweku was able to rebuild his finances through hard work and smart investments. But he never forgot the lesson he learned about the dangers of Ponzi schemes, and he made sure to warn others about the risks of falling for such schemes.

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment scheme in which returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital contributed by newer investors rather than legitimate investment returns. These schemes rely on the constant recruitment of new investors to generate funds for the promised returns to existing investors. Eventually, the scheme collapses when it becomes impossible to recruit enough new investors to pay off the earlier investors, resulting in significant financial losses for everyone involved. Unfortunately, Ponzi schemes are a global problem, and Ghana is not immune to them. There have been several Ponzi schemes in Ghana in recent years that have defrauded people of their hard-earned money.

Here are some red flags associated with Ponzi schemes:

I. High returns with little to no risk: One of the key features of a Ponzi scheme is the promise of high returns with little to no risk. This is an unrealistic promise and should be a warning sign. The return from such investment sound too good to be true.

II. Overly consistent returns: Ponzi schemes often provide consistent returns, no matter what market conditions are like. This is because the returns are not actually generated by legitimate investment activities, but rather are paid out of the funds contributed by new investors.

III. Unregistered investments: Ponzi schemes are often unregistered with regulatory authorities, which means they operate outside the bounds of legal investment vehicles. If an investment opportunity is not registered, it may be a sign of a Ponzi scheme.

IV. Lack of transparency: Ponzi schemes often lack transparency in terms of the investment strategy and how the returns are generated. If the investment opportunity is unclear or the operator is reluctant to provide detailed information, this could be a red flag.

V. Pressure to invest quickly: Ponzi scheme operators often pressure investors to invest quickly to take advantage of a limited-time opportunity. This is done to prevent investors from conducting due diligence and discovering that the investment opportunity is a scam.

VI. Complicated or secretive strategies: Ponzi schemes often use complicated or secretive strategies to explain how returns are generated. These strategies are often impossible for investors to understand or verify.

It is important to note that the presence of one or more of these red flags does not necessarily mean that an investment opportunity is a Ponzi scheme. However, if several of these red flags are present, it is important to exercise caution and conduct thorough due diligence before investing any money.

Here are some tips for avoiding being lured into a Ponzi scheme:

A. Do your research: Before investing in any opportunity, be sure to do your research. Look up information about the investment, the company, and the individuals running it. Check if the investment is registered with regulatory authorities.

B. Be skeptical of high returns with little risk: Be wary of any investment that promises high returns with little to no risk. Remember that there is no such thing as a free lunch. Investments that offer high returns generally come with higher risk.

C. Verify the investment strategy: Ask for detailed information about the investment strategy and how the returns are generated. If the explanation is vague or overly complex, this could be a red flag. Verify the information with an independent third party.

D. Avoid investments with pressure to invest quickly: Be cautious of any investment opportunity that pressures you to invest quickly, especially if the pressure is accompanied by promises of high returns. Take your time to evaluate the investment opportunity and do your own research.

E. Be careful with unregulated investments: Be cautious of unregistered investments. Regulatory authorities require investment opportunities to register and provide detailed information to the public. Unregistered investments may be operating outside the law.

F. Be wary of complex investment structures: Be wary of investment structures that are overly complicated or difficult to understand. Ponzi schemes often use complex investment structures to confuse investors and make it difficult to uncover the fraud.

G. Get independent advice: Seek advice from a qualified financial advisor or investment professional before investing. An independent professional can help you evaluate the investment opportunity and uncover any red flags.

By following these tips, you can help protect yourself from Ponzi schemes and other investment frauds. Remember that if an investment opportunity sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Be cautious and take your time to evaluate the investment opportunity carefully.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555.

Ghana is facing what some economists term the worst-ever economic crisis since the 1980s. The country is engulfed with high inflation, cedi depreciation, high public debt rising to 95% of GDP, and on top of it all debt distress. What has even made greater waves and has been a major topic for discussion is the government domestic debt exchange program, which has been referred popularly as 'haircut'.

These issues have not only caused hardships for Ghanaians but have also affected investment and growth in the country. Despite these challenges, there are several important lessons that we can learn from Ghana's economic situation. In this article, we will explore key takeaways from the current economic situation in the country and how they can help us in making financial/investment decisions.

I. There is no Risk-Free Investment.

Most of us were taught in school that investing in government securities like bonds and treasury bills came with no risk. Almost every piece of literature on finance equates government securities to a risk-free investment. We were made to believe that government is the safest borrower. You will sometimes hear finance professionals saying that "when a current government borrows and is not able to pay another government will come and pay". The current economic crisis has "lifted the veil" on this assumption and highlighted the fact that every investment comes with a certain level of risk. That is why you receive returns on your investment as compensation for postponing your consumption. The government's Domestic Debt Exchange program means that investors will not be able to realize all the returns on their government bonds. What you should have in mind as an investor is that every investment vehicle carries a form of risk, no matter how juicy the returns may be.

II. Know your Risk Appetite

When it comes to taking risk to earn returns, different people have different attitudes. Investments giving lower returns normally come with lower risk. On the other hand, investment with higher returns involves taking higher risk. How did you react as an investor when you first heard about the government's debt exchange program or you saw a drop in your investment returns? This is the best time to understand your risk appetite and the kind of investment suitable for you. Every investor will either be a risk lover, risk averse or neutral to risk. A good understanding this will help you to choose a suitable investment portfolio that will give you financial peace of mind even in a period of economic turmoil. Speak to a trusted financial advisor to understand your risk appetite.

III. You MAY NOT always have Positive Returns.

Investing money can be both rewarding and risky. It can bring financial security and freedom, as well as a sense of accomplishment. Unfortunately, when it comes to investing, there are not always positive returns. Understand that the investment market can be unpredictable and the potential for losses is real. Even the most experienced investor can find themselves in a difficult situation if the market takes a sudden turn. It’s important to understand that there are no guarantees when it comes to investing and that it’s important to be prepared for a range of outcomes. Due to the country’s economic problems, a lot of investment schemes are making losses which are really expected in a period like this. However, it does not call for making panic withdrawals by liquidating your investment. Once the economy returns to normal and there is growth, your investment will start having appreciable returns. Knowing your objectives, the risks involved and having a strategy in place can help to minimize losses and maximize returns. Armed with this knowledge, you can make smart investment decisions that will help you stay on track to reach your financial goals.

IV. Diversify your Investment

The main objective for investing your hard-earned money is to create a financial cushion and build wealth over time. Ghana's economic woes have widened the need for proper diversification of your investment. You might have heard the popular saying "do not put all your eggs in one basket". You may have been a victim of the current economic situation if you had all your funds in one investment instrument. It is very important to diversify your investments to ensure that your money is well spread across different financial securities to minimize market volatility and potential. Diversifying can be one of the most important steps in successful investing, as it allows you to spread your money across different asset classes, industries, and even countries. With careful planning and research, a diversified portfolio can help you to reach your financial goals.

V. The need for Liquidity in financial planning.

Liquidity is an essential factor in investing, especially during challenging economic times. It helps investors to maintain flexibility and manage risk, ensuring that they are better equipped to navigate market uncertainties and make informed investment decisions. Liquidity simply refers to the ease with which an asset or financial instrument can be bought or sold for cash without affecting its market price. As the investment environment continues to evolve, the need for liquidity has become increasingly important for investors, businesses, and financial institutions. Whether it is for managing risks, meeting cash flow needs, or making investment decisions, the availability of liquid assets can play a crucial role in financial success. In uncertain times, the availability of liquid assets can help investors to meet their short-term cash needs, such as paying bills or covering unexpected expenses, without having to sell investments at a loss. One surest way to ensure you have liquidity in uncertain times is to have an emergency fund that is easily accessible.

The country is going through economic challenges which has caused a lot of uncertainties especially in the investment space. These key lessons will help shape your financial and investment decisions. It is very important that you speak to a financial advisor to assist you make a well informed decision in this period of economic uncertainty.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555.

Bonds are fixed income investments which allow an investor (the holder) to lend money to a government (issuer) or another entity (issuer) for a set period of time. Bonds are described as fixed income because investment in bonds earns fixed payments over the life of the bond. Bonds are often issued by governments and corporate entities. Corporate entities issue bonds to fund existing operations, brand-new initiatives, or acquisitions. Governments sell bonds to raise money and complement their tax revenue. By purchasing a bond, you become a debtor of the organization issuing the bond.

In a bond contract, the issuer owes the holder a debt and is required, depending on the terms, to pay the bond's creditor cash flow (also known as principal) at the bond's maturity date as well as interest (also known as the coupon) over a certain period of time. Depending on the economic value that is stressed, the period and amount of cash flow given changes, giving rise to various types of bonds. The interest is typically due at predetermined intervals, such semiannually, annually, and less frequently at various times.

I. Bond Features

• Maturity Date: The date on which the bond issuer returns the money lent to them by bond investors. Bonds have short, medium or long maturities.
• Face Value: Principal or face amount is the amount on which the issuer pays interest, and which, most commonly, has to be repaid at the end of the term. Some structured bonds can have a redemption amount which is different from the face amount and can be linked to the performance of particular assets.
• Coupon: The coupon is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the holder. Coupon rates can be fixed or flexible. For fixed rate bonds, the coupon is fixed throughout the life of the bond. For floating rate notes, the coupon varies throughout the life of the bond. Interest can be paid at different frequencies; generally semi-annual (every 6 months) or annual.
• Yield: The yield is the rate of return on the bond investment. Yields refer to a bond’s coupon divided by its market price. While coupon is fixed, yield is variable and depends on a bond’s price in the secondary market and other factors.
• Price: Bond price is the present discounted value of future cash stream generated by a bond. It refers to the sum of the present values of all likely cash inflows from the bond. Bonds have two prices in the fixed income market; the bid and the ask. The maximum price a buyer will offer for a bond is called the bid price, whereas the lowest price a seller will accept is called the ask price.

II. Risks Associated With Bonds

Bonds are frequently regarded as a secure investment, especially when compared to equities, and can be a fantastic way to create income. However, holders of corporate and government bonds should be aware of any potential risks. The following are some risks associated with bonds:

• Default Risk: The possibility that the issuer of a bond security will not be able to pay interest and/or principal on time and adhere to the terms of a bond indenture is known as credit/default risk. The likelihood of a credit or default risk depends on the issuer's creditworthiness and capacity to pay its debts. Credit rating and yield have a negative relationship. Higher yields are offered by issuers with lower credit ratings in order to offset higher credit risk, and vice versa. The value of the issuer's outstanding fixed-income instruments is impacted by changes in credit ratings.
• Interest Rate Risk: Interest rate risk is the possibility of investment losses caused by an increase in the going rates for brand-new debt instruments. The inverse link between interest rates and bond prices is the first concept a bond buyer needs to comprehend. Bond prices increase as interest rates decrease. Bond prices, on the other hand, often decline as interest rates rise. This occurs because investors strive to lock in or capture the highest rates possible for as long as they can when interest rates are declining. To achieve this, they will purchase current bonds that offer interest rates above the going market rate. Bond prices rise as a result of this increase in demand. The link between yield and interest rate is, nonetheless, favorable.
• ReInvesment Rate Risk: Reinvestment risk, or the risk of having to reinvest proceeds at a lesser rate than what the funds were previously earning, is another threat bond investors face. One of the main ways this risk presents itself is when interest rates fall over time and callable bonds are exercised by the issuer.
• Price Risk: Price risk occurs when an investor does not receive the expected price when selling a bond or other debt security in the secondary market because of a negative fluctuation in prices. Since they must rely on the security's current market price, which may be greater or lower than the price they initially paid for it, investors who want to access the security's principal amount before its maturity date should pay particular attention to this.

III. How Are Bonds Valued?

Bond valuation is a method for determining a bond's potential fair value or price. Bond valuation entails determining the face value or par value of the bond as well as the present value of the bond's future interest payments, sometimes referred to as its cash flows.vA bond's market price is determined by discounting its yield to maturity by the present value of all anticipated future interest and principal payments (i.e. rate of return).

The bond's redemption yield is determined by this relationship, and since there would otherwise be chances for arbitrage, it is expected to be close to the current market interest rate for other bonds with comparable features. Bond prices fall when market interest rates rise and vice versa because the yield and price of a bond have an inverse relationship. This approach of valuing bonds is known as mark-to-market (MTM). A portfolio that is marking-to-market could experience volatility based on market conditions.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555

Investing long-term is tough and maintaining that resolve in the midst of difficult economic times is much tougher. With pressing current financial needs, it is easy to relegate long-term goals like retirement planning to the bottom of our financial agenda. Regardless of how challenging it is, if we stay alive, retirement is inevitable. Having a long-term perspective is essential when it is comes to investing towards long-term goals like retirement. Planning for your retirement requires long term thinking, the ability to prioritize the future and stay committed to achieving the comfortable retirement you desire. The question is how do we develop a long-term mindset?

Cultivating a long-term mindset requires discipline. One of the main reasons for financial problems is the lack of discipline. The inability to delay gratification in the short-term may cost you your long-term goals such us retiring comfortably. Also reacting adversely and aborting your plans midway due to challenges can also stand in the way of achieving your goals.

In the face of uncertainties, investors need to be resilient. This is the ability to recover from your own mistakes and difficulties beyond your control. One of the basic concepts of investment is risk and return. Risk is the probability that actual returns will differ from what is expected. Every investment carries some level of risk. To cultivate a long-term mindset and achieve retirement goals, an investor must anticipate and prepare adequately for tough times and be ready to take advantage of opportunities that may arise.

To develop a long-term mindset, you need to have a compelling reason for investing i.e. why are you investing towards your retirement? Investing just for investing sake is not enough. Being disciplined and resilient becomes easy when you have purpose for investing. Set financial goals that are important to you instead of following the crowd so that you are inspired and motivated to still pursue them even when times get tough.

Developing a long-term mindset requires patience, the ability to not be worried or distracted by short-term volatility in the value of the investment and stay invested for long-term regardless of difficulty. It is important to stay focused on the bigger picture.

Having a purpose, being disciplined, resilient and patient are essential requirements for investing in uncertain times. Taking a long-term perspective may help you avoid emotional choices, avoid unnecessary losses and grow wealth over time with small sums invested regularly. History has shown that having long-term mindset increases your chances of yielding positive returns.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555

Assuming Mr. Osei takes a loan from Mr. Azumah at 20% per annum for the next 5 years to expand his business. By giving the loan, Mr Azumah is investing in Mr. Osei’s business with the hope that he will receive interest and his principal as promised. The possibility that Mr. Azumah’s investment will not meet that expectation is termed risk. In our everyday activities we are exposed to all sort of risks and the same applies to investments. Every investment has some level of risk. Unfortunately, we tend to focus more on the potential without understanding the potential loss that could occur.  It is important to consider all risks you may be exposed to when investing.

There are two main types of risks associated with investment: systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the risk that impacts the market as a whole e.g. inflation, changes in interest rates, cedi depreciation etc. This kind of risk is normally difficult to avoid and diversify. Unsystematic risk is the risk specific to a particular company or asset. In 2022, we witnessed a clear example of systematic risk fueled by the geopolitical tensions caused by Russian-Ukraine war and aftermath of COVID 19. Beyond these broad categories there are some other risks that may affect your investments.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that a borrower will be unable to make the principal and interest payment on its debt obligations. Holders of bonds are exposed to credit risk due to the contractual arrangement. Normally government bonds have the least amount of default risk and hence should normally have the lowest returns. Corporate bonds tend to be more risky but also have higher return expectations. Currently, Ghana’s government bonds are exposed to credit risk due to government’s inability to fund its obligation hence the introduction of the Debt Exchange Program which is short of investor’s return expectations.

Country Risk

Country risk refers to the risk that a country won't be able to meet its financial obligations. This may adversely affect the performance of the country’s financial securities such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds etc.

Foreign-Exchange Risk

Investing in foreign denominated assets or in a foreign country exposes your investment to foreign exchange risk. The investor needs to consider the effect of changes in currency exchange rates on the value of their investment. If you live in the Ghana and invest the US stock market or buy Eurobond or an asset priced in dollars even if the value appreciates, you may lose money if the US dollar depreciates against the Cedi.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that an investment's value will change due to a changes in interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of pre-existing bonds and other fixed income securities in the secondary market fall due to more attractive rates for new bonds thus increasing the opportunity cost of holding those. The opposite is true when interest rates fall.  Bonds with longer maturities are more exposed to interest rate risk.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is measures how easy it is for an investor to trade in their investment into cash. The more difficult it is, the more illiquid the investment is. For example, real estate is normally more illiquid than treasury bills. Investors will normally expect higher returns for more illiquid securities. Investors are normally advised to have some liquid assets as part of their portfolio so that they are not forced to sell illiquid assets at a loss. 

Inflation risk

Inflation is the general increase in the prices of goods and services or the fall in the purchasing power. Inflation risk is the probability that inflation will reduce the performance of your investment. One of the reasons for investing is to protect the purchasing value of your funds. When inflation high, it reduces or completely wipes of the real returns making investing less desirable.

As mentioned earlier, every investment has some level of risk associated with it. Normally investments with low risk have low potential returns and vice versa. In making investment decisions, investors must determine how much risk they want to take for a desired return. Factors like age, income levels, investment goals, liquidity needs, time horizon, and personality need to be taken into consideration. It is important to diversify your portfolio by investing in different asset classes to minimize risk.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555

A habit is a routine activity that later forms part of our life and tends to occur subconsciously. It is often said habit defines your personality. In the same vein habit can define your investment decisions. Individuals tend to make investment decisions based on their behavior or because of a situation they went through. The following are some few habits that can influence your investment decision.

Over Confidence bias

According to the Corporate Finance Institute, overconfidence bias “is a tendency to hold a false or misleading assessment of our skills, intellect or talent. In short, it is an egotistical belief that we are better than we actually are”. For example, a lot of men will answer in affirmative to a simple question “who manages finances better, men or women?’’ Over confident individuals usually have “I knew it” kind of attitude to everything. The behavior of being overconfidence can lead you to making wrong investment decisions. No matter your level of education you should know that having basic financial knowledge is not accurate in making investment decision. Try to seek expert advice even if you have knowledge about an investment product that you are interested in. You will need to understand the dynamics of investment, the impact of market and economic conditions on investment. Avoid believing that the outcome of every situation must be to your advantage because that is the outcome you desire.

Fear of Change

This behavior is portrayed by people as a result of their past experiences, especially in the investment space. People with this habit are afraid to invest and tend to be very risk averse. They usually develop a negative view about every situation and jump into every loose information which tends to suggest “doom” for their investment. For instance, the rumor of capital restructuring by government coupled with the directive by Securities and Exchange commission on the use of Mark-to-Market valuation has caused a lot of panic withdrawals by individuals who have the fear of change habit. You need to understand that there is no guaranteed situation in the investment space especially with returns. Speak to your financial advisor about every financial information or rumor you come across which you think may impact your investment.

Fear of Action

This habit is usually adopted or shown by people who in one way or the other have made some bad investment decisions due to the influence by friends or family. People with this habit usually need a push from a friend or relative to make a decision. Basically, they are not able to take an “action” on their own. These caliber of people do not do any due diligence or ask the right questions about the company or the investment scheme before jumping unto the investment. Their source of information is friends and family. Fear of action individuals are convinced or need confirmation from friends and family to invest in particular schemes and usually tend to play the blame game if they do not get the desired result. Be very inquisitive about any investment products that are introduced to you by friends and insist on speaking to an expert/official from the company.

Information Overload

People with this habit are always engulfed with information which impairs their decision making. They usually want more information about a particular product before they make a decision. There is a lot of information available in this modern day of technology and digitalization. Financial information can now be found in the print media, through advertisement on radio, TV, all social media platforms and the internet. For instance, a simple search of “Right Investment” on google can give you a lot of result which you might find difficult reading all of them.  Information overload may lead you to either make a wrong investment decision or postpone an investment decision. People who feel overwhelmed by financial information stand the risk of making a wrong financial decision. Try as much as possible to speak to a financial/investment advisor whenever you feel overwhelmed with information.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555.

Financial planning can be very complex and difficult for people who have little or no knowledge in finance and investment. If you are now starting your financial planning journey, you may as well be wondering where and how to start.

Financial rules of thumb can assist you have a personalized financial plan that will suit your goals and needs. Financial rules of thumb are simplified financial principles, which serve as a guide in making financial decisions. They make complex financial concepts very easy to understand and apply. These rules seek to address procedures for budgeting, savings, investment, debt management and retirement planning.

Financial rules of thumb provide a general guide for making financial decisions and may not be applicable in everybody’s financial plan. However, you can decide to tweak them to suit your financial situation.

Below are some financial rules of thumb that you can adopt to assist you streamline your finances and investment.

I. Pay yourself first

The general rule to kick start your financial planning is to pay yourself first. How do you pay yourself first when you have worked and the whole income belongs to you? It simply means that anytime you receive an income, be it daily, weekly or monthly, you should try as much as possible to save a certain percentage out of your income before you decide to go on a spending spree. This rule helps you to save first before you start spending your income. Even if you have a tight budget, you should always make room for savings. Take note, “Income minus Savings equal to Expenses”. It is recommended that you should save at least 10%  of your daily, weekly or monthly income before you start spending. To be able to do this consistently and without stress you should set a standing or direct debit order on your bank account.

II. The 50/30/20 Rule

Have you been struggling with preparing a budget? Then the 50/30/20 rule will assist you prepare a budget. A budget is a simple tool to keep track of your inflows (income) and your outflows. This rule helps you to plan how much to spend and save each month. It simply guides you to live within your means. The 50/30/20 rule suggest that your income should be allocated between needs, wants and financial goals. 50% of your income should be allocated to your needs (ie. things that are necessary for your survival such as food, rent, healthcare, clothing and utilities), 30% of your income should be allocated to your wants (ie. things that are essential such as internet, electronic gadgets, vacations, eating out and entertainment) and 20% should be allocated to your financial goals (ie. savings and investment).

III. Emergency fund rule

An emergency fund provides financial support for you in the event of unforeseen circumstances like job loss or any unplanned expenses. Hence emergency fund serves as a safety net. Emergencies are unpredictable and will be very difficult to know the amount of money you will need or set aside for such situations. However, the financial rule of thumb for emergency recommends that you should have at least 3 to 6 months equivalent of your income saved for emergencies. You can set-up an emergency fund by opening an investment account which is easily accessible and make a conscious effort to put at least 10% of your monthly income into it.

IV. The 35% Rule for servicing debt

Sometimes you might need support in the form of a loan to meet certain life goals like buying a car, running a business or acquiring a house. However, before you commit yourself to acquire a loan, you should have a payment plan. The rule of thumb is that you should not use more than 35% of your monthly income to service your debt. You can run into a serious financial crisis if you are using more than 35% of your income to service your debt. You should also avoid taking on more debt if you are not done paying the initial one you took.

V. The rule of 72

Have you ever wondered how long it will take for your investment to double? The simple way to have a fair idea of when your investment is going to double is by using the rule of 72. This is by dividing 72 by the rate of return on your investment. Although rate of return on investment is not fixed, you can use the average rate of return on your investment for the estimation. For example, if the average return on your investment is 16%, then your money will double in 4 and half years (ie. Number of years =72/16 = 4.5 years). It is also important to be earning a rate of return on your investment that is above inflation.

VI. 10-20 rule for retirement planning.

One of the basic tenets of a comfortable retirement is a good retirement plan. The 10-20 retirement planning rule of thumb means you should save at least 10% to 20% of your income towards retirement. You may have to save even more than 20% of your income towards your retirement if you are above 45 years. And this can be done by having a personal pension plan which is under the three (3) tiered pension scheme.

VII. The 4% rule for retirees

The ultimate question is how much money will be enough for you on retirement? The 4% rule of thumb can be used by retirees to estimate how much they should withdraw annually from their retirement benefits. This rule suggests that the amount you should withdraw from your retirement benefit annually should not exceed 4% plus the rate of current inflation. For example, if current inflation is 12% then your withdrawal rate should be 16% of your retirement benefit. The rule seeks to provide a steady income for retirees on retirement and ensures that their retirement benefit is not depleted within a very short time. You can decide to buy an annuity plan on retirement to provide a steady income for you on retirement.

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Axis Pension Trust partners workers throughout their retirement planning journey to ensure they are on track to achieve a dignified retirement. For more information on our services or general enquiries, send an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call 030 273 8555.